This paper was presented in the sixth China-ASEAN Forum on Social Development and Poverty Reduction, which was held on 26-27 September 2012 in Liuzhou, China. The forum was supported under the UNDP-IPRCC project. Southeast Asia and China together constitute nearly half of the total global ethnic minority population. This chapter will address the challenge of the development of ethnic minority groups in the ASEAN region, and China.